SCREEN RESOLUTION

There are digital images, film images etc.  We can say resolution is the detail an image holds. The higher the resolution more will be the image details. 

Image resolution can be measured in various ways. Resolution counts how close the lines can be to each other and while still visible. Resolution units can be according to its size. Eg; lines per mm, lines per inch etc. To the overall size of a picture.  Line pairs are often used instead of lines, A line pair comprises a dark line and an adjacent light line.  Both dark and light lines are counted. A resolution of 10 lines per mm comprises 5 dark lines and 5 light lines.  Eg: Photographic lens and film resolution.

PIXEL RESOLUTION

Resolution is the sensors  capability to observe or measure the smallest object clearly with distinct boundaries.  While pixel is the smallest unit of the digital image ; the resolution depends on the size of the pixel.  At any given lens setting the smaller the picture the higher the resolution will be and clearer will be the picture.  Images having smaller pixel sizes might be consists of more pixels.  The amount of information within the image depends on the quantity of pixels present.

For graphic monitors the screen resolution of the graphic monitors can be explained as the number of dots (pixels) on the entire screen. A 640 X 480 pixel screen is capable of displaying 640 distinct dots on each of 480 lines or about 80300,000 pixels.  This interpreted in to different dpi measurements depending on the size of the screen. For example 15 “ VGA monitor (640x480) displays about 50 dots per inch. With the time the resolution of the screens or printer lowers with the enhancement of technology.

BEHIND DIFFERENT MOBILE NETWORKS

HSPA:-

HSPA is the set of technologies that enables 3G/WCDMA operators to upgrade their networks to run broadband speeds. HSPA includes HSDPA (High speed Downlink Packet Access), HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access) and HSPA+.

Unlike may other mobile broadband technologies , HSPA supports the very efficient provision of voices services in combination with mobile broadband data services.

LTE: 

 (Long Term Evolution) is a part of GSM path, can be considered as the only cellular technology for the future.  It has been introduced in data form by most carriers especially in Verizon also. Voice over LTE (VoLTE) will ultimately take over voice calls.  LTE even though not become fully equipped , expected to be fully functional in the near future also comes in two versions:  Frequency –Division Duplexing (FDD) used in the west, and Time-Division Duplexting (TDD). If the carrier is using sufficient band width the LTE will be faster.  But as the telecom providers have are still continues to charge as per the quantity of the data received, there is a great chance to incur heavy bills.

CDMA:-(Code Division Multiple Access. )

CDMA have developed by QUALCOM.  CDMA is of two standards, IS-95 or CDMA One-a 2G digital service and its modern 3G successor CDMA-2000. Presently all CDMA carriers are using CDMA-2000.

In CDMA “3G data is provided by Evolution Data Optimized (EV-DO). EV-DO is technically on its 4^th version Rev.C, but lion portion of carriers are using  Re.A.  Technically EV-DO has two disadvantages compared to UTMS/HSPA data on the GSM path.  No. 1) CDMA phones have not been able to conduct simultaneous voice and data sessions.  Means if you are unable to use cellular data while you are in a call.   Even though this disadvantage have been fixed by new variant SV-DO  the efficiency is limited compared to GSM.  Because of this , CDMA carriers started to look for other options. WiMAX network as “4G”  introduced by Sprint is one of that kind. 

 

GSM (Global Systems for Mobile communications)

GSM was developed to replace the analog networks .  This was carried out by European Telecommunications Standards Institute. In one decade (Since 1990) GSM become unquestionable standard of worldwide communications other than few localized exceptions.  GSM devices use a Security Identity Module.  This chip card contains the international Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSA) number, carrier information and owners contact information.  If the phone is not locked by the carrier the phone can migrate easily between carriers.

AT &T and  T-Mobiles is based upon GSM networks.  For others either GSM is the dominant or sole cellular technology available.  Its acceptance as a dependable technology together with the presence of SIM slots to carry cheap local SIMs  made best technology suited for  travel.  GSM possesses inherent ability to for using cellular data and calling at the same time unlike CDMA.

PAPER TECHNOLOGY TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY

Now generate electricity from paper. Thanks to Swedish technology Sweden's Linkoping University become successful in developing a new sort of paper that can store electricity.  The power paper was made from cellulose fibers that were subjected to high-pressure water until they broke down into fibers as thin as 20 Nanometers in diameter. Next the fibers were coated in an electrically charged polymer and fashioned into a round sheet. Each sheet, which is 15 cm in diameter and a few tenths of mm thick can store as much as super capacitors. The material can be recharged hundreds of times and each charge only takes a few seconds. 

ECO-FRIENDLY 
The paper is waterproof and was created with no dangerous chemicals or materials. 

The power paper currently holds four worlds records: highest charge and capacitance in organic electronic, highest measured current in an organic conductor, highest capacity to simultaneously conduct ions and electrons and highest transconductance in a transistor. 

DOES FORM FACTOR OF THE SMART PHONE MATTER?

FORM FACTORS OF SMARTPHONE 

Form factor is the appearance, size and shape of mobile phone.

Generally mobile devices comes with 3 form factors :

Namely Bar, flip-down phone and clamshell.

Bar form factor:

Most of the smart phone of today are with Bar form factor. The body is a single block and has no moving parts except start and volume buttons . Locking of the keyboard has been enabled in order to prevent accidental activation of keyboard while carrying in pockets or purses.

Clamshell form factor:-

The phone consist of two halves connected with a hinge in the middle. The hinge allows the device to be folded close. Here also keyboard is protected from accidental key presses.  

There will be usually an internal main display on the top part and small display on outside.  The below half  is for keyboard. The camera can on either half

Flip-down phone

This form factor can be described as a cross-over between the Bar and Clamshell form factors.  The device is actually a bar but a thin flip part covers the keypad and/or display when not being used.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF MOBILE DISPLAY SCREENS

TFT-LCD

TFT-LCD screen is the most popular screen available on the mobile phones.  TFT-LCD stands for thin-film transistor liquid crystal display

 Displays with  dull colours have narrow viewing angles and  if you look at them from sides we could not recognise what is on the screen.

High quality LCD screens will have bright accurate colours and have visibility from any angle.

LCD screens requires light behind them which shines through the pixels to make them visible. As a result they don’t give the quality of AMOLED technology.

The LCD undergone number improvements namely Super LCD, Super LCD2 and Super LCD3 similar to AMOLED screen enhancements. 

AMOLED

AMOLED or Active-matrix organic light-emitting diode displays don’t need a backlight-each pixel emits its own light-so phones with AMOLED displays can be thinner than LCD mobiles. 

AMOLED technology is based on organic compounds that offers best image quality on very low power usage. This kind of screens utilizes very little electricity even for watching videos on black screens compared to the dark grey of LCD screens.

AMOLED screen manufacturing is very hard compared to LCD manufacturing as it has to go through number of stages till its transformation to the functional screen.

SUPER AMOLED SCREEN

This is derivative of AMOLED screen .  During manufacturing capacitive touchscreen technology is being included so that it is not required to overlaid later. The power usage can be further reduced than AMOLED and is capable of increased brightness.

SUPER AMOLED PLUS

This most advanced AMOLED screen provides much sharper crisp images equivalent to LCD screens by making considerable changes subpixel construction.  

IPS- or in-plane switching smartphone screens are characterised by vibrant colours and excellent off-axis viewing angles. The images are viewable from any angle.

With IPS, the crystals are aligned horizontally to the screen and electrical field is applied between each end of the crystal molecules. As the liquid crystal molecules are not adhered to the lower glass substrate, so move more freely into the desired alignment.

Based on the functionality of the screen it can be generally divided in to two. 

Capacitive touch screen

Capacitive touch screens are more responsive to user action and allow for the use of multi touch technologies. Capacitive touch screens simply transfer a small amount of energy to users body when it is on touch with the screen. With the help of app. the  mobile will calculate which specific area of the mobile have changed its charge.

Resistive touch screen

This technology consists of two thin metal layers under the glass screen of the mobile, which collects location data when pressed together. The user has to press hard by exerting more force on the screen. This will result in less responsive user experience 

Head phone priced at EU 27,000.00 :-Sennheiser's Orpheus HE-90

EU 27,000 for a Head set!! . No it is not because having diamonds on it, nor because of gold wrapping.  Just because of sound quality.  Once you hear the sound you will feel you have never heard such a clear sound in your life. 

Specs:- 
Open-back, diffuse-field compensated. Transducer principle: electrostatic, push-pull. Frequency response: 25Hz–75kHz, –3dB. Distortion: <0.01% at 94dB, <0.1% at 110dB. Maximum sound pressure level: 118dB.


Weight (excluding cable): 12.9oz (365gm). Orpheus HEV 90 amplifier: Tube headphone amplifier (not available separately) with on-board D/A processor. Frequency response: 10Hz–20kHz, –0.25dB. Distortion (1kHz): <0.01%. Input sensitivity: 400mV. Input impedance: 10k ohms. S/N ratio (unweighted): !w80dB. Crosstalk (1kHz): >80dB. Output voltage: 400Vrms. Inputs (controllable) : digital coaxial (S/PDIF) and optical TosLink, analog RCA.

Manufacturer: Sennheiser Electronic GmbH & Co. KG, Am Labor 1, 30900 Wedemark, Germany. Tel: (49) 5130-600-0. Fax: (49) 5130-600-300. Web: www.sennheiser.com. US distributor: Sennheiser USA, 1 Enterprise Drive, Old Lyme, CT 06371. Tel: (860) 434-9190. Fax: (860) 434-1759. Web: www.sennheiserusa.com.
Read more at http://www.stereophile.com/content/sennheiser-orpheus-he-90-headphones-specifications#Ar8B5lfoj8fj2P2P.99

THE TRANSFORMATION OF MOBILE PHONE INDUSTRY

The Mobile phones undergone great changes since its birth. 1982’s  Mobira Senator model was around 9.8Kg it has transformed to just 800gm Mobira cityman 900.  Both from Nokia.  The first one  ie. Mobira Senator model was the first ever mobile phone released from Nokia. 

The first proposal for Cellular system was made at Bell Labs in 1947.  But Motorola succeeded in developing mobile phone device.  John F. Mitchell became Motorola's cheif engineer for its mobile communication products.  Mitchel oversaw the development of the mobile communication and was among first for the marketing of pagers.  Martin Cooper a member of Mitchel's team was the pioneer in developing portable cellular telephony.  Mitchel was one among the employees who got patent for developing units for this technology. 

On October 1983, D D Meilahn placed the first commercial wireless call on a DynaTAC from his car to Bob Barnett, former president of Ameritech Mobile Communications,  Barnett then placed a call on a DynaTAC from inside a Chrysler convertible to the grandson of Alexander Graham Bell.